Fig. 11 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 11

From: Sodium formate-induced mitochondrial impairment and cytotoxicity in neuronal cells reveal crucial pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy

Fig. 11

Effect of SF on cell cycle and apoptotic cell death in HT22 cells. (A) Effect of SF on cell cycle (flow cytometry, stained with PI, n = 3) following treatment with 25, 50 and 75 mM SF for 24, 48 and 72 h. Each value is the mean ± S.D. (B) Effect of SF on cell proliferation (flow cytometry, stained with Click-iT EdU, n = 3) following treatment with 25, 50 and 75 mM SF for 24, 48 and 72 h. Each value is the mean ± S.D. (C) Concentration- and time-dependent effects of SF on apoptosis induction (flow cytometry, labeled with annexin V-FITC and PI) following treatment with 25, 50 and 75 mM SF for 72 h. (D–F) Effects of z-VAD-FMK (D), Nec-1 (E), and Fer-1 (F) on SF-induced cytotoxicity (MTT assay, n = 5) following treatment with 75 mM SF ± z-VAD-FMK or Nec-1 or Fer-1 for 72 h. The cell culture medium was replaced every 24 h.  (G) Protective effect of z-VAD-FMK against SF-induced apoptosis (flow cytometry, labeled with annexin V-FITC and PI, n = 3) following treatment with 75 mM SF ± 5 μM z-VAD-FMK for 72 h. Quantitative values (mean ± S.D.) for different quadrants are shown in Supplementary Fig. S19. Each quantitative value is the mean ± S.D. * or # denotes for P < 0.05 and ** or ## denotes for P < 0.01, respectively.

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