Fig. 4 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 4

From: Sodium formate-induced mitochondrial impairment and cytotoxicity in neuronal cells reveal crucial pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy

Fig. 4

Effect of SF on mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) and functional protein expression in HT22 cells. (A) Effect of SF on MMP (flow cytometry, stained with JC-1) following treatment with 25, 50 and 75 mM SF for 24, 48 and 72 h. The vertical axis represents the fluorescence intensity of JC-1 aggregates, and the horizontal axis represents the fluorescence intensity of JC-1 monomers. (B–E) Concentration- and time-dependent effects of SF on MMP (confocal microscopy, stained with JC-1, scale bar = 20 μm) following treatment with 25, 50 and 75 μM SF for 48 h (B) or 72 h (C). Panels D and E are the quantitative analysis of the images in B and C (using the ImageJ software) showing the red/green fluorescence ratios. Each value is the mean ± S.D. (n = 3). * and ** denote for P < 0.05 and P < 0.01, respectively.

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