Fig. 5 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 5

From: Sodium formate-induced mitochondrial impairment and cytotoxicity in neuronal cells reveal crucial pathogenic mechanisms underlying diabetic neuropathy and retinopathy

Fig. 5

Effect of SF on mitochondrial function in HT22 cells. (A–C) Effect of SF on mitochondrial permeability following treatment with 25, 50 and 75 mM SF for 24 h (B), 48 h (C) and 72 h (D). The mPTP opening was determined using flow cytometry following staining with Calcein-AM and CoCl2. (D) Concentration-dependent effect of SF on cellular ATP levels (n = 6) following treatment with 25 and 50 mM SF for 48 h. (E) Time-dependent effect of SF on cellular ATP levels (n = 8) following treatment with 25 mM SF for 24, 48, 72 and 96 h. (F) Effect of SF on ATP generation (based on the Seahorse method; n = 3). Cells were treated with 25, 50, and 75 mM SF for 48 h, followed by the addition of 1.5 µM oligomycin, 0.5 µM rotenone, and 0.5 µM antimycin A. The rate of ATP production from both mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation and glycolysis are then calculated. (G) Effect of SF on cellular respiratory capacity (based on the Seahorse method; n = 3). Cells were treated with 0 and 75 mM SF for 48 h, followed by the addition of 1.5 µM oligomycin, 0.25 µM FCCP and 0.5 µM rotenone/antimycin A. The OCR is then calculated.

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