Fig. 1

SARS-CoV-2 neutralising activity in all study participants from the Malawi cohort. Activity was assessed using the HIV(SARS-CoV-2) PVNA, and stratified by HIV status. (a) Estimated seroprevalence of neutralising antibodies (nAb) across four surveys for all participants (n = 1,876). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, with percentage values shown. (b) Percent neutralisation against Ancestral B.1, and the Beta, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) variants across the entire study period, for all participants (n = 1,876). Box plots display the median and interquartile range (IQR). Red dashed line shows the 90% cut-off. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. (c) Seroprevalence of neutralising antibodies (nAb) across four surveys for HIV-uninfected participants (n = 1,780). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, with percentage values shown. (d) Percent neutralisation against Ancestral B.1, and the Beta, Delta, and Omicron BA.1 variants across the entire study period in HIV-uninfected participants (n = 1,780). Box plots display the median and interquartile range (IQR). Red dashed line shows the 90% cut-off. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test. (e) Seroprevalence of neutralising antibodies (nAb) across four surveys for HIV-infected participants (n = 96). Error bars represent 95% confidence intervals, with percentage values shown. (f) Percent neutralisation against Ancestral B.1, Beta, Delta, and Omicron (BA.1) variants across the entire study period in HIV-infected participants (n = 96). Box plots display the median and interquartile range (IQR). Red dashed line shows the 90% cut-off. Statistical significance was determined using the Wilcoxon rank-sum test: ns - not significant, *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.