Fig. 1 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 1

From: Metabolically engineered plant cell cultures as biofactories for the production of high-value carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin

Fig. 1

Schematic overview of the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway in plants. The isopentenyl diphosphate (IPP) and dimethylallyl diphosphate (DMAPP) building blocks can be produced from the methylerythritol phosphate (MEP) cytoplasmic and mevalonate (MVA) plastid pathways. The grey boxes indicate the main carotenoids and derivatives found in plant systems, while the red boxes indicate the heterologous ketocarotenoid pathway. Abbreviations of enzymes: GGPS (geranylgeranyl pyrophosphate synthase), PSY (phytoene synthase, CRTB for bacteria), PDS (phytoene desaturase, CRTI for bacteria), ZDS (ζ-carotene desaturase, CRTI for bacteria), Z-ISO (ζ-carotene isomerase, CRTI for bacteria), CRTISO (carotenoid isomerase, CRTI for bacteria), LCYE (lycopene ε-cyclase), LCYB (lycopene β-cyclase, CRTY for bacteria), CYP (cytochrome P450 enzyme), CHYB (β-carotene hydroxylase, BHY for algae, CRTZ for bacteria), CRTW (β-carotene ketolase, BKT for algae), VDE (violaxanthin de-epoxidase), ZEP (zeaxanthin epoxidase), NSY (neoxanthin synthase). This visual representation shows the stepwise process involved in ketocarotenoid synthesis.

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