Table 1 Carotenoid content in wild-type and 21 cell lines. Carotenoid levels are represented as µg g−1 DW and expressed as a percentage of total carotenoid extract (% TCE)*. Each value represents the mean of three biological replicates ± SD. Statistical differences between groups were evaluated using ordinary one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (single pooled variance). Groups not sharing the same letter are significantly different at p < 0.05. nd: not detected.

From: Metabolically engineered plant cell cultures as biofactories for the production of high-value carotenoids astaxanthin and canthaxanthin

 

Astaxanthin

Canthaxanthin

β-carotene

 

µg g−1 DW

% of TCE

µg g−1 DW

% of TCE

µg g−1 DW

% of TCE

Wild-type

nd

-

nd

-

83.6a ± 53.4

2.6 ± 0.9

Y01

nd

-

nd

-

3 128.5abcd ± 3 001.2

6.0 ± 5.2

Y06

nd

-

nd

-

1 624.2abcd ± 315.5

20.7 ± 4.2

Y07

nd

-

nd

-

5 035.8b ± 578.8

26.0 ± 2.5

I1

nd

-

nd

-

891.6acd ± 408.1

12.1 ± 2.7

I11

nd

-

nd

-

395.7ac ± 309.7

12.6 ± 8.0

I18

nd

-

nd

-

496.1ac ± 42.1

10.9 ± 0.9

W04

90.8abc ± 32.4

15.5 ± 2.2

20.0a ± 26.3

1.4 ± 1.2

124.2a ± 45.2

1.0 ± 0.4

W15

112.6abc ± 15.8

16.3 ± 2.5

55.1a ± 24.7

2.8 ± 1.3

460.9ac ± 249.5

2.9 ± 1.3

W29

126.5bc ± 64.8

22.9 ± 3.2

44.5a ± 49.1

2.5 ± 1.6

289.2ac ± 25.0

2.6 ± 1.5

YI1

nd

-

nd

-

4 675.9b ± 2 624.0

33.4 ± 1.9

YI17

nd

-

nd

-

4 685.5b ± 642.2

36.3 ± 1.5

YI30

nd

-

nd

-

3 872.9bcd ± 797.3

30.1 ± 3.7

YW02

171.3b ± 21.2

14.8 ± 3.6

38.4a ± 32.7

1.6 ± 1.7

611.5ac ± 227.9

3.0 ± 1.1

YW08

93.5abc ± 55.5

11.3 ± 0.4

48.5a ± 22.7

2.1 ± 0.2

570.6ac ± 431.7

3.1 ± 2.0

YW015

106.3abc ± 40.3

15.2 ± 1.4

30.4a ± 7.9

1.7 ± 0.5

326.8ac ± 323.9

1.8 ± 1.2

IW05

46.7ac ± 11.4

11.9 ± 1.0

2.8a ± 3.3

0.4 ± 0.3

199.7ac ± 53.3

2.1 ± 1.1

IW09

75.4abc ± 71.9

12.2 ± 2.3

16.7a ± 13.9

1.3 ± 0.6

455.1ac ± 421.9

2.1 ± 1.2

IW014

55.0abc ± 36.6

19.6 ± 0.6

7.8a ± 4.1

1.3 ± 0.1

199.0ac ± 122.1

1.7 ± 1.2

YIW6

0.5a ± 0.8

0.2 ± 0.4

6.2a ± 5.3

0.3 ± 0.3

4 584.0bd ± 3 517.8

31.9 ± 7.1

YIW135

139.3bc ± 24.3

7.1 ± 0.3

787.9b ± 213.3

12.9 ± 2.3

2 878.4abcd ± 413.8

8.0 ± 1.3

YIW141

67.8abc ± 49.3

5.4 ± 0.2

279.0c ± 56.9

5.9 ± 0.7

2 578.9abcd ± 551.9

9.5 ± 0.3

  1. * The sum of the integrated area of each peak corresponds to the total carotenoid content for each sample. To determine the percentage of each specific carotenoid (astaxanthin, canthaxanthin, or β-carotene) within the total extract, the area of each peak was divided by the total peak area.
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