Fig. 6
From: Salinity stress amelioration through selenium and zinc oxide nanoparticles in rice
The effect of nanoparticle treatment on stressed plants and their non-enzymatic antioxidant defense mechanisms in plants. (a) Graph representing malondialdehyde (MDA) levels as a measure of lipid peroxidation (b) Graph depicting proline content in plants after nanoparticle treatment. (c) Detection of hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) via 3,3’-diaminobenzidine (DAB) staining. The brown coloration indicates the presence of H₂O₂, reflecting the extent of oxidative stress and the effect of subsequent nanoparticle treatment on reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation in rice leaves. (d) Visualization of superoxide production using nitro blue tetrazolium (NBT) staining to assess free radical generation in rice leaves after nanoparticle application both individual treatments and in combination. The intensity of blue color represents the intensity of superoxide generation under various treatment conditions. The data represent the mean values of three independent replicates, each containing three hills per pot, with error bars indicating the standard error of the mean. Bars annotated with different letters indicate statistically significant differences, as determined by Tukey’s multiple range test (treatment abbreviations are provided in the Materials and Methods section).
