Fig. 1

Map showing the geographical location of the study area and the distribution of the sampling sites within the study area. (Western Deserts: 1. Taklamakan Desert, 2. Gurbantunggut Desert, 3. Qaidam Desert, 4. Kumtag Desert; Central Deserts: 5. Badain Jaran Desert, 6. Tengger Desert, 7. Ulan Buh Desert, 8. Kubuqi Desert, 9. Mu Us Sandy Land; Northeastern Sandy Lands: 10. Hunshandake Sandy Land, 11. Horqin Sandy Land, 12. Hulunbeir Sandy Land.) (The Fig. 1 was produced using ArcGIS Desktop 10.6 (Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA, USA). DEM data downloaded from Geospatial Data Cloud (https://www.gscloud.cn/).)