Table 2 Comparison with existing dual–element designs.

From: A 5G smartphone-oriented dual-band dual-antenna system designed via characteristic mode theory and surface current analysis

Ref

Antenna size

/λmin

Decoupling method

Design approach

isolation

CMA used?

10

1.19 × 2.99

DGS + NL

Not mentioned

 < -20dB

No

12

1.06 × 4.16

Meandering branch + DGS

Partial current distribution

 < -15dB

No

14

0.05 × 0.32

Lumped element

 + Decoupling branch + NL

Partial current distribution

 < -22dB

No

This

0.07 × 0.41

DGS + NL

CMA-Current distribution

 < -25dB

Yes

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