Table 5 Causal test results of PSM.

From: Decoding student cognitive abilities: a comparative study of explainable AI algorithms in educational data mining

Treatment variables

ATT

t

p

Significance

Uniform sample size after matching

Standardized differences after covariate matching

w2a12

0.377

8.91

0

​***

688/688

w2b02: 0.035, w2a27: − 0.109, w2a28: − 0.036, w2b18: − 0.076

w2b02

− 0.214

− 3.982

0

​***

548/548

w2a12: − 0.025, w2a27: 0.040, w2a28: − 0.014, w2b18: − 0.035

w2a27

0.181

4.381

0

​***

808/808

w2a12: 0.192, w2b02: 0.009, w2a28: − 0.022, w2b18: 0.044

w2a28

0.312

8.641

0

​***

719/719

w2a12: 0.285, w2b02: − 0.167, w2a27: 0.039, w2b18: − 0.020

w2b18

0.227

5.869

0

​***

713/713

w2a12: 0.003, w2b02: 0.141, w2a27: − 0.096, w2a28: 0.004