Fig. 1
Empagliflozin did not affect blood pressure or pulse rate and ameliorated glucose tolerance. (a) Body weight was measured every four weeks from baseline (16 weeks old) in BKSdb/+ (db/ +), BKSdb/db (db/db) control, and db/db empagliflozin (EMPA) mice. (b) Food intake was measured every four weeks from baseline in db/ +, db/db control, and db/db EMPA mice. (c) Water intake was measured in db/ +, db/db control, and db/db EMPA mice at 24 weeks of age using a metabolic cage. (d–f) Systolic blood pressure (BP), diastolic BP, and pulse rate were measured noninvasively every four weeks from baseline using a tail-cuff system and were evaluated by an average of eight measurements in db/ +, db/db control, and db/db EMPA mice. (g) An intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test was performed in db/db control and db/db EMPA mice at 24 weeks of age after 16 h of fasting. Glucose (1 g·kg−1 body weight of D-(+)-glucose) was injected intraperitoneally. Blood glucose was measured at 0, 15, 30, 60, 90, and 120 min after glucose injection. (h) The area under the curve (AUC) of blood glucose from 0 to 120 min was compared between db/db control and db/db EMPA mice. (i, j) Fasting blood glucose and fasting plasma insulin levels were measured in db/ +, db/db control, and db/db EMPA mice after 16 h of fasting at 24 weeks of age. (k) The resistance index was calculated as follows: resistance index = glucose (mmol·L−1) × insulin (mU·L−1)/22.5. db/ +, n = 5. db/db control, n = 6. db/db EMPA, n = 6. The data are presented as the mean ± SEM. The data were analysed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s test (a–f, i–k) and the Student’s t test (g, h). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001.
