Table 10 Comparative analysis.

From: A lightweight multi round confusion-diffusion cryptosystem for securing images using a modified 5D chaotic system

Literature	HC	VC	DC	NPCR (%)	UACI (%)	Entropy	Keyspace
Niu et al.¹⁰	0.0018	0.0020	0.0001	99.6735	33.2765	7.9974	10⁶⁰
Nan-Run et al.¹⁹	0.0040	0.0037	0.0030	99.6089	33.4658	7.9985	10¹⁴²
Mingxu et al.²⁰	0.003972	0.0002		99.6093	33.4641	7.9973	2³⁶⁴
Ying et al.²¹	0.0018	0.0020	0.0001	99.6735	33.2765	7.994	10⁶⁰
WanQing et al.²²	− 0.0093	− 0.0006	0.0004	99.62	33.48	7.9967	2²⁵⁶ × 10¹⁶
Sanjay et al.²³	0.0022	0.0014	0.0018	99.98	33.44	7.9993	NA
Zeben et al.²⁴	− 0.0344	0.0298	− 0.0599	99.61	33.62	7.9895	10²⁴⁰
Lizong Li et al.²⁵	− 0.0013	0.0016	0.0015	NA	NA	7.9993	10⁶⁰
Mingxu et al.²⁶	0.0011	0.0012	0.0042	99.6140	33.4663	7.9993	10⁷⁵
Meng-meng et al.²⁷	0.0013	0.0010	0.0012	99.6078	33.5708	7.9972	10¹¹⁰
Xin-li xu et al.¹⁰	0.0006	0.00004	− 0.0010	99.6084	33.4620	7.9998	2⁴⁷¹
Asha J et al.²⁸	− 0.0023	− 0.0009	− 0.0008	99.6134	33.4919	7.9974	> 2⁵¹²
Nidhi et al.²⁹	− 0.0073	− 0.0005	− 0.0022	99.62	NA	7.9982	NA
Wassim et al.³⁰	− 0.003928	− 0.002473	− 0.00664	99.6076	30.6095	NA	2¹⁰⁵²⁴
Minxiu et al.³¹	− 0.00017	− 0.00097	− 0.00017	NA	NA	7.9993	10¹²⁷
Yong et al.³²	− 0.0310	0.00929	0.01164	99.6085	33.4748	7.9971	NA
Mengjiao et al.³³	− 0.0024	− 0.0165	− 0.00089	99.6175	33.5075	7.9915	NA
Yu-chi et al.³⁴	− 0.041	− 0.0118	− 0.0049	99.6077	33.4643	7.99934	2.8639 × 10²⁵⁰
Shamsa et al.³⁵	− 0.000626	− 0.000133	− 0.00188	99.63	33.46	7.9991	10¹²⁰
Qianqian et al.³⁶	0.000033	− 0.000623	− 0.00083	99.6119	33.348	7.99926	2⁶⁵⁴
Fan-Qi et al.³⁷	0.000840	− 0.000464	− 0.02497	99.6012	33.412	7.9974	2³⁶⁰
Dhivya et al.³⁸	0.00163	− 0.0012	0.00775	99.6081	33.4120	7.9958	2⁸⁵⁶
Lakshmi et al.³⁹	0.0030	0.0025	− 0.0076	99.57	33.05	7.99457	10¹¹²
Janakiraman et al.⁴⁰	0.0008	0.0046	0.0032	99.6613	33.5596	7.9976	2⁷⁰¹⁶
Proposed	0.00025	0.0109	0.00955	99.6069	33.4284	7.99442	2⁵¹² × 10¹⁸⁰

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Table 10 Comparative analysis.

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