Table 3 Odds ratios (ORs) and 95% CI from the generalised linear mixed-effects regression (GLMER) and OR median and range from the geographically weighted regression for leptospirosis seropositivity in San Pedro de Macoris province, Dominican republic, 2021.

5–19

Ref

Ref

20–34

4.90 (1.65–16.20)

4.70 (2.74–5.18)

35–49

9.33 (2.95–35.07)

7.44 (4.62–7.65)

50–64

6.51 (2.02–25.76)

5.94 (3.71–6.30)

≥ 65

12.65 (3.64–57.48)

7.81 (5.71–8.38)

Gender

Female

Ref

Ref

Male

4.72 (2.43–10.65)

3.34 (2.82–3.41)

Other

1.76 (0.08–24.36)

2.03 (1.63–4.72)

Ethnic group

Indigenous

Ref

Ref

Mestizo

0.83 (0.33–2.13)

1.08 (0.86–1.09)

Mulatto

1.09 (0.44–2.79)

1.21 (0.87–1.29)

Work Environment

Indoors

Ref

Ref

Mix Indoor and Outdoor

2.23 (0.83–6.46)

1.30 (1.24–2.81)

Outdoor

1.88 (0.51–7.40)

0.85 (0.65–3.38)

Students, retired, unemployed

1.76 (0.81–4.04)

1.53 (1.23–1.55)

Educational level

Secondary

Ref

Ref

Primary or none

1.36 (0.67–2.76)

1.10 (1.07–1.41)

Freshwater exposure

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

0.76 (0.28–1.99)

0.82 (0.72–0.92)

Living in a flooding-risk area

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

2.66 (0.96–7.43)

3.65 (0.94–3.94)

Rat exposure

No

Ref

Ref

Yes

2.85 (1.16–7.75)

2.59 (1.23–3.14)

Socio-economic drivers

Motorized time to health unity (in minutes)

0.00–1.57

Ref

Ref

1.58–3.40

1.38 (0.41–5.01)

0.87 (0.79–2.47)

3.41–7.15

1.98 (0.34–11.46)

1.58 (1.01–1.83)

7.16–18.78

3.77 (0.63–25.21)

2.44 (2.33–3.83)

GDP (1,000,000 USD)

0.03–2.08

Ref

Ref

2.09–5.64

1.72 (0.47–7.06)

1.65 (0.49–1.71)

5.65–14.20

0.55 (0.09–2.9)

0.62 (0.17–0.67)

14.21–40.96

1.22 (0.26–5.88)

1.08 (0.45–1.16)

Environmental drivers

Cropland percentage¹

0.96 (0.51–1.76)

0.98 (0.79–0.98)

River density

> 250 m

Ref

Ref

≥ 250 m

0.97 (0.20–4.55)

0.52 (0.42–3.80)

Average precipitation²

0.71 (0.25–1.98)

0.79 (0.70–0.85)