Fig. 5

(a) Tracks of water particles deployed at four sites, marked in pink (T1), yellow (T2), green (T3), and red (T4) rectangles, along 123°E near the Yangtze River mouth from July to November by using OSCAR current product, where the background vectors represent the spatial distribution of drifter-derived currents (m s–1), provided by Atlantic Oceanographic and Meteorological Laboratory (AOML), in the study area. Different colors indicate the trajectories of individual particles. (b) Comparison of surface (black) and 0–30 m averaged (white) current vectors from the KHOA numerical circulation model. (c) Spatial distribution of nitrate (NO3−) in August 2022, optimally interpolated using KODC station data (black circles) along observation lines 315, 316, and 317 in the ECS.