Table 3 Planned pairwise comparison for significant group \(\:\times\:\) time interaction effects on maternal-fetal attachment outcomes (MFAS and MAAS).

From: Father-inclusive chatbot-based prenatal education during COVID-19 pandemic enhances maternal–fetal attachment in Korean primigravida women across levels of partner support

Dependent variables	Pairwise comparison	Mean difference	SE	Test statistic	p-value^d
Dependent variables	Group \(\:\times\:\) Time vs. Group \(\:\times\:\) Time	Mean difference	SE	Test statistic	p-value^d
MFAS
DIFFSLF	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre^a – Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post^b	− 0.69	0.22	t (28) = −3.18	0.0036^*
	High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	− 0.06	0.16	t (30) = − 0.40	0.69
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre	−1.08	0.34	t (49.11) = −3.18^c	0.0026^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	− 0.46	0.29	t (58) = −1.55	0.13
ATTRIBUT	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−1.66	0.48	t (28) = −3.42	0.0020^*
	High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	0.13	0.47	t (30) = 0.27	0.79
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre	−2.88	0.77	t (58) = −3.76	0.0004^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−1.10	0.75	t (58) = −1.46	0.15
Total MFAS score	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−6.03	1.46	t (28) = −4.12	0.0003^*
	High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−1.97	1.10	t (30) = −1.78	0.08
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre	−9.50	2.80	t (58) = −3.39	0.0013^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−5.43	2.55	t (58) = −2.13	0.04
MAAS
Quality	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−2.21	0.55	t (28) = −4.00	0.0004^*
	High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	− 0.13	0.36	t (30) = − 0.36	0.72
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre	−3.75	0.90	t (58) = −4.18	0.0001^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−1.67	0.84	t (58) = −1.99	0.05
Intensity	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−2.90	0.52	t (28) = −5.58	0.00001^*
	High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−1.42	0.44	t (30) = −3.25	0.0029^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre	−3.48	1.10	t (58) = −3.15	0.0025^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−2.01	1.03	t (58) = −1.95	0.06
Total MAAS score	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−5.17	1.00	t (28) = −5.15	0.00002^*
	High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−1.52	0.63	t (30) = −2.42	0.02
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Pre	−7.51	1.94	t (58) = −3.86	0.0003^*
	Low PS \(\:\times\:\) Post – High PS \(\:\times\:\) Post	−3.85	1.80	t (58) = −2.14	0.04

Note. MFAS: Maternal-Fetal Attachment Scale; DIFFSLF: Differentiation of self from the fetus; ATTRIBUT: Attributing characteristics and intention to the fetus; MAAS: Maternal Antenatal Attachment Scale; PS: Partner support. Post-hoc pairwise comparisons revealed significant improvements across all maternal-fetal outcomes for the low PS group. In contrast, the high PS group showed significant improvement only in ‘Intensity’ subscale of the MAAS. ^aPre: Pre-intervention; ^bPost: Post-intervention. ^cLevene’s Test for Equality of Variances was not assumed. ^dBonferroni-corrected p-value of 0.0042 (0.05/12 pairs for the MFAS and the MAAS subscales each) was applied for multiple comparisons.

Back to article page

Table 3 Planned pairwise comparison for significant group \(\:\times\:\) time interaction effects on maternal-fetal attachment outcomes (MFAS and MAAS).

Search

Quick links