Fig. 1

Experimental design. (A) Electromyography signals recorded by surface EMG sensors placed superficially on respiratory muscles. The vertical line on the left of image A indicates in the EMG signals, the end of inspiration and the beginning of the syllable production sequence. 1 Scalene EMG; 2 External intercostal EMG; 3 External oblique EMG; 4 Rectus abdominis EMG, over time. (B) EEG cap comfortably adjusted in the participant’s head for measuring brain activity by 64 EEG channels. (C) Experimental setup for aerodynamic signals measurements comprising two tubes going through a face mask. One of the tubes, is inserted into the subject’s mouth to measure intra-oral pressure which allows to obtain an indirect measure of Ps at the peak values of [p], while the other one is situated on the mask surface for collectting the airflow, during pronunciation of the syllable [pa]. C1 Intra-oral pressure and C2 Air flow signals.