Table 1 Elemental composition and properties of bio-oil, reactant and products at different temperature.

From: Investigation of the temperature influence on the catalytic hydrogenation upgrading of bio-oil using industrial nickel based catalyst RZ409

Elemental analysis

Reaction temperature (°C)

Bio-oil

Reactant

200

250

280

300

330

C (%)

36.7

49.5

66.5

67.7

67.9

76.2

76.9

H (%)

8.4

9.6

10.4

10.1

10.6

10.2

10.6

O (%)

50.2

37.7

22.3

21.2

20.5

12.6

11.5

N (%)

0.9

0.6

0.9

1.0

1.0

1.1

1.0

Properties

 Moisture (%)

34.5

23.0

6.3

5.4

4.7

2.0

1.7

 HHV (MJ/kg)

14.8

22.9

32.1

33.0

33.1

37.1

38.2

 DOD (%)

--

--

40.8

43.7

45.6

66.6

69.5

 Yobs (%)

--

--

57.8

54.7

46.9

39.7

31.3

  1. The reactant is a mixture of 100 g bio-oil, 30 g n-butanol and 20 g xylene.
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