Fig. 1

Principal component analysis (PCA) of the measured redox parameters in honey bee brains. In the figure, each dot corresponds to a single sample, with distinct colors used to delineate the respective treatment conditions. “Control” refers to the control group with no treatment; “Delta1”, “Delta2”, and “Delta3” refer to per os exposure to 1.975, 3.95 and 7.9 ng/bee/day deltamethrin, respectively.