Fig. 5

Redox parameters in honey bee brain samples. Malondialdehyde levels (a), hydrogen peroxide concentrations (b) and total antioxidant capacity values (c) are shown. Data are presented as box plots, where whiskers represent minimum and maximum range values, boxes indicate upper and lower quartiles, and lines denote medians. “Control” refers to the control group with no treatment; “Delta1”, “Delta2”, and “Delta3” refer to 1.975, 3.95, and 7.9 ng/animal/day deltamethrin exposures, respectively. Significant differences compared with the control are marked by asterisks. n = 10/treatment. ***P < 0.001.