Table 1 Summary of included Studies.
Study | Country | Related Measured Outcomes | Significance |
|---|---|---|---|
Egypt | Flexural Strength | CAD-CAM milled denture base resins (DBRs) exhibited superior flexural strength compared to conventional compression-molded or 3D-printed DBRs, whereas 3D-printed DBRs and polyamide demonstrated the lowest flexural strengths. | |
Egypt | Surface Roughness, Microhardness | Chemical denture cleansers (CDCs) significantly influenced the surface properties of denture base materials (DBMs), with Corega showing the most adverse effects on roughness and color stability, and H2O2 markedly reducing microhardness. Prolonged use of CDCs warrants caution. | |
Egypt | Vickers Hardness, Surface Roughness, Fracture Toughness | Milled specimens displayed lower surface roughness and higher hardness and fracture toughness than 3D-printed specimens, both before and after thermocycling. Thermocycling reduced hardness and fracture toughness while increasing surface roughness in both groups, though it had no impact on water sorption or solubility. | |
India | Fracture Toughness | Formlabs and Dentca (3D-printed) exhibited significantly lower fracture toughness than Leucitone 199 (conventional), while Leucitone 199 was inferior to Avadent (CAD-CAM) in fracture toughness. | |
UK | Flexural strength, Impact strength, and hardness | Fused deposition modeling (FDM) samples, though cost-effective and reproducible, revealed that current testing standards for conventional denture polymers are unsuitable for additive-manufactured materials, necessitating new protocols for clinical implementation. | |
Saudi Arabia | Flexural Strength and Elastic Modulus | Heat-polymerized, AvaDent, and IvoCad materials are viable for denture bases at 1.5 mm thickness, whereas FormLabs and NextDent require a minimum thickness of 2 mm to achieve clinically acceptable flexural properties. | |
Saudi Arabia | Flexural Strength and Flexural Modulus | Milled groups outperformed printed groups in flexural strength and modulus but were more susceptible to aging and cyclic loading. AvaDent showed the highest flexural strength in controls, Dentsply Block in fatigued groups, and Dentca, Dentsply Block, and Keystone in thermocycled groups. Lucitone 3D exhibited the highest flexural strength when repaired with composite. | |
India | Compressive Strength, Flexural Strength, and Hardness | Milled PMMA and thermopressing demonstrated superior compressive strength, while thermopressing also excelled in flexural strength and hardness. The 3D-printed resin exhibited the lowest color stability. | |
Brazil | Candidal adhesion and their effects on the surface, optical, and mechanical properties like surface microhardness, flexural strength, and modulus of elasticity | Despite the growing use of CAD/CAM-fabricated dentures, limited research exists on how denture cleaners affect microbial adhesion and material properties, highlighting the need for further investigation. | |
Romania | Tensile strength, Vickers Hardness | Heat-cured resins remain clinically acceptable due to their surface quality, mechanical properties, and affordability. CAD/CAM milled resins showed the best mechanical properties and surface finishes, while 3D printing is suitable for provisional solutions. | |
Brazil | Knoop Microhardness, Flexural Strength, and Modulus of Elasticity | CAD/CAM-milled resins matched traditional resins in mechanical properties, whereas 3D-printed resins were inadequate for long-term use, though ongoing research aims to improve their performance. | |
USA | Flexural Strength, Fracture Toughness | 3D-printed denture base materials exhibited mechanical, optical, and physical properties comparable to conventional and milled materials. | |
Turkey | Vickers Microhardness and Flexural Strength | Graphene-reinforced PMMA showed the highest flexural strength and microhardness, unaffected by thermal cycling, which otherwise reduced these properties in other resins. | |
Italy | Flexural Strength | Polymerization techniques significantly influenced flexural strength in acrylic and composite resins. Temp Print, combined with pink resin powder, emerged as a promising alternative for removable dentures. | |
USA | Fracture Toughness | Milled samples with embedded 3D-printed titanium frameworks exhibited higher impact resistance, flexural strength, and lower elastic deformation compared to non-framework milled or printed samples. | |
Italy | Ultimate Flexural Strength, Flexural Strain, Flexural Modulus | CAD-milled PMMA displayed optimal flexural properties, lowest pre-polishing roughness, and reduced bacterial adhesion after 90 min, though all materials showed similar roughness and microbial adhesion after 16 h. | |
Egypt | Impact Strength, Flexural Strength, and Surface Roughness | Milled specimens had higher flexural and impact strength and lower roughness than 3D-printed specimens. Polishing reduced roughness in printed specimens but had no significant effect on milled ones. | |
Brazil | Flexure Strength | CAD-CAM milled PMMA showed the lowest *C. albicans* biofilm formation and highest flexural strength, while 3D-printed specimens had the lowest strength and highest roughness. | |
Saudi Arabia | Flexural strength, Impact strength, and Surface hardness | 3D-printed resin had inferior flexural strength, impact strength, and hardness compared to heat-polymerized resin but superior surface roughness. Thermal cycling reduced hardness and flexural strength while increasing roughness, with no effect on impact strength. | |
Egypt | Surface Hardness, Fracture Toughness | Milled specimens exhibited higher hardness and fracture toughness than 3D-printed specimens before and after immersion in denture cleansers, which reduced these properties in both groups without affecting water sorption or solubility. | |
Korea | Flexural strength and modulus | 3D-printed materials demonstrated suitable mechanical properties for hard dental prostheses. | |
Croatia | Flexural Strength, Surface Hardness | Digital denture manufacturing techniques influence residual monomer content, flexural strength, and microhardness, though these factors alone do not guarantee optimal properties. | |
USA | Flexural Strength, Flexural Strain | All digitally fabricated denture base materials met clinical acceptability standards, even after hard relining, though flexural strength varied by material type. | |
USA | Flexural Strength | 3D-printed denture base materials exhibited flexural strength comparable to or lower than milled materials, with thermal cycling further reducing their strength. | |
Saudi Arabia | Flexural strength, Elastic modulus, and Surface Hardness | CAD-CAM milled resins surpassed heat-polymerized and 3D-printed resins in flexural strength, modulus, and hardness, though 3D-printed resins remained clinically acceptable. | |
Saudi Arabia | Surface hardness | Denture base resin properties varied, with CAD/CAM and thermoformed resins maintaining hardness and color stability after brushing, though surface roughness was affected. | |
Switzerland | Flexural Strength and Fracture Toughness | CAD-CAM milled and 3D-printed denture resins showed similar biocompatibility and roughness, but milled resins were mechanically superior. Printing orientation and printer type influenced resin strength and roughness. | |
Egypt | Surface Hardness and Impact Strength | CAD/CAM milled resins had the lowest surface roughness and highest impact strength and hardness compared to 3D-printed and polyamide resins. | |
Saudi Arabia | Surface hardness | Denture base material and disinfectants affected surface properties, with lasers producing smoother surfaces and improving CAD/CAM resin hardness, while chemical disinfectants enhanced PMMA hardness. | |
Jordan | Surface hardness, Flexural properties, and Impact strength | 3D-printed resins exhibited variations in surface and mechanical properties compared to conventional PMMA, necessitating further research before standardization. | |
Saudi Arabia | Surface Roughness, Flexure strain, Maximum load, Flexure stress at yield, and Flexure modulus | CAD-CAM resins outperformed 3D-printed resins in surface and mechanical properties, with build plate angles having no significant effect on 3D-printed resin roughness. | |
Portugal | Microhardness and Flexural strength | Printed resins had lower microhardness than conventional resins but comparable flexural strength. | |
India | Vickers hardness and Color stability | Milled PMMA showed superior color stability, while tooth-shade resins (milled and 3D-printed) exhibited higher hardness than pink-shade resins. Tooth-shade 3D-printed resin also outperformed pink-shade in color stability and hardness. | |
Brazil | Flexural strength and Elastic modulus | 3D-printed resin demonstrated fatigue strength and surface roughness comparable to subtractive and pressed methods, supporting its potential for dental prostheses. | |
Turkey | Flexural strength | Digitally produced denture bases exhibited higher flexural strength than conventionally manufactured bases. | |
Croatia | Flexural strength and Surface hardness | CAD/CAM materials had the highest surface hardness, while 3D-printed materials showed the lowest flexural strength. | |
Turkey | Shear bond strength | Sandblasting was most effective for shear bond strength (SBS) in conventional resins, while laser treatment worked best for additive-manufactured resins. Subtractive resins showed similar SBS across surface treatments except plasma. | |
Germany | Maximum fracture forces | The testing setup effectively evaluated denture fracture behavior, demonstrating that digital design and manufacturing can enhance mechanical stability, particularly with optimized dentition forms. |
