Table 6 Classification results obtained when the models are run 1 vs. 1 (5 slices manually).

From: Improving early detection of Alzheimer’s disease through MRI slice selection and deep learning techniques

1 vs. 1

Models

Accuracy

Precision

Recall

F1 Score

AUC

MCC

CN/AD

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9756

0.9012

0.9858

0.9128

0.9881

0.9859

0.9473

0.7627

0.9673

0.7922

0.9718

0.9645

0.9423

0.8194

0.9612

0.7582

0.9688

0.9640

0.9446

0.7927

0.9670

0.7757

0.9720

0.9646

0.9838

0.9719

0.9882

0.9591

0.9982

0.9861

0.9491

0.8375

0.9702

0.8236

0.9734

0.9668

CN/MCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9649

0.9283

0.9891

0.9172

0.9872

0.9788

0.9448

0.8289

0.9718

0.7983

0.9696

0.9469

0.9429

0.8194

0.9799

0.7681

0.9664

0.9469

0.9440

0.8267

0.9731

0.7824

0.9685

0.9469

0.9819

0.9519

0.9995

0.9675

0.9982

0.9711

0.9474

0.8299

0.9754

0.7903

0.9698

0.9469

CN/LMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9783

0.9192

0.9896

0.9189

0.9881

0.9898

0.9492

0.8122

0.9746

0.7997

0.9715

0.9797

0.9413

0.7895

0.9735

0.7817

0.9691

0.9794

0.9445

0.8019

0.9742

0.7906

0.9745

0.9795

0.9962

0.9691

0.9987

0.9781

0.9818

0.9822

0.9507

0.8008

0.9741

0.7923

0.9717

0.9795

CN/EMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9769

0.8983

0.9883

0.9247

0.9850

0.9892

0.9428

0.7712

0.9718

0.8283

0.9650

0.9728

0.9438

0.7912

0.9683

0.8012

0.9600

0.9382

0.9427

0.7812

0.9742

0.8140

0.9628

0.9548

0.9849

0.9591

0.9819

0.9699

0.9875

0.9884

0.9431

0.7806

0.9714

0.8144

0.9626

0.9529

AD/MCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9819

0.9383

0.9881

0.9239

0.9900

0.9890

0.9592

0.8619

0.9891

0.8634

0.9864

0.9508

0.9521

0.8371

0.9721

0.7898

0.9737

0.9491

0.9540

0.8492

0.9795

0.8276

0.9798

0.9502

0.9920

0.9781

0.9961

0.9695

0.9986

0.9818

0.9567

0.8494

0.9820

0.8269

0.9800

0.9500

AD/LMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9449

0.9693

0.9942

0.9757

0.9945

0.9697

0.8544

0.9382

0.9809

0.9369

0.9868

0.9268

0.8529

0.9193

0.9891

0.9371

0.9856

0.9215

0.8515

0.9283

0.9799

0.9360

0.9850

0.9226

0.9733

0.9955

0.9973

0.9947

0.9988

0.9503

0.8529

0.9274

0.9850

0.9367

0.9861

0.9236

AD/EMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9895

0.9482

0.9822

0.9683

0.9919

0.9475

0.9742

0.8910

0.9810

0.9099

0.9813

0.8741

0.9739

0.8618

0.9701

0.9074

0.9780

0.8614

0.9740

0.8783

0.9748

0.9072

0.9791

0.8687

0.9917

0.9891

0.9946

0.9889

0.9988

0.9261

0.9739

0.8763

0.9753

0.9082

0.9791

0.8671

MCI/LMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9518

0.8973

0.9881

0.9181

0.9891

0.9887

0.9129

0.7672

0.9784

0.7896

0.9737

0.9621

0.9192

0.7221

0.9794

0.7724

0.9717

0.9612

0.9172

0.7435

0.9782

0.7797

0.9701

0.9626

0.9839

0.9719

0.9889

0.9691

0.9985

0.9808

0.9164

0.7442

0.9786

0.7806

0.9718

0.9619

MCI/EMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9749

0.8771

0.9795

0.9164

0.9888

0.9862

0.9317

0.7219

0.9484

0.8091

0.9739

0.8496

0.9311

0.6329

0.9463

0.7793

0.9700

0.8278

0.9290

0.6736

0.9461

0.7934

0.9702

0.8393

0.9820

0.9219

0.9871

0.9655

0.9984

0.9540

0.9300

0.6610

0.9470

0.7933

0.9713

0.8360

LMCI/EMCI

EfficientNetB2

InceptionV3

RegNetx006

Basic ViT

EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

ViT + EfficientNetB2 + FPN (Our Model)

0.9839

0.9481

0.9871

0.9695

0.9846

0.9877

0.9744

0.8692

0.9883

0.9294

0.9771

0.9861

0.9753

0.8516

0.9845

0.9174

0.9756

0.9820

0.9741

0.8594

0.9871

0.9237

0.9771

0.9840

0.9912

0.9771

0.9713

0.9723

0.9893

0.9932

0.9746

0.8597

0.9866

0.9235

0.9763

0.9843