Table 1 Characteristics of the study population at deep brain stimulation surgery.

From: Travel distance may have a negative impact on the outcome of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

 

All patients

(n = 161)

Subgroup 1a

(n = 27)

Subgroup 2a

(n = 6)

Subgroup 3a

(n = 74)

Subgroup 4a

(n = 54)

p-valueb

Demographic

data

Age (years)

60.6 ± 8.9

60.9 ± 7.8

63.7 ± 7.9

61.0 ± 8.4

59.3 ± 9.9

0.347

Sex

Males

110 (68.3)

19 (70.4)

6 (100.0)

48 (64.9)

37 (68.5)

0.578

Females

51 (31.7)

8 (29.6)

0 (0.0)

26 (35.1)

17 (31.5)

Handedness

Right

158 (98.1)

26 (96.3)

6 (100.0)

73 (98.6)

53 (98.2)

0.805

Left

3 (1.9)

1 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.4)

1 (1.8)

Education (years)

13.3 ± 2.9

12.7 ± 3.2

14.2 ± 5.3

13.3 ± 2.6

13.5 ± 3.0

0.890

MoCA (version 7)

24.6 ± 3.3

24.7 ± 3.3

23.9 ± 4.2

24.8 ± 3.1

24.4 ± 3.4

0.624

Disease-specific

data

Duration of disease (years)

9.3 ± 4.4

8.8 ± 4.5

9.3 ± 4.7

9.3 ± 4.6

9.4 ± 3.9

0.716

Type of disease

Tremor-dominant

36 (22.4)

5 (18.5)

1 (16.7)

17 (23.0)

13 (24.1)

0.483

Rigid-akinetic

73 (45.3)

17 (63.0)

3 (50.0)

32 (43.2)

21 (38.9)

Mixed

52 (32.3)

5 (18.5)

2 (33.3)

25 (33.8)

20 (37.0)

MDS-UPDRS Part I

13.6 ± 6.2

15.1 ± 6.6

12.3 ± 5.0

13.4 ± 5.7

13.1 ± 6.8

0.617

MDS-UPDRS Part II

17.3 ± 7.7

19.4 ± 7.7

15.3 ± 3.7

16.4 ± 7.3

17.6 ± 8.3

0.379

MDS-UPDRS Part IIIc

30.4 ± 15.3

34.3 ± 17.1

31.7 ± 9.0

29.9 ± 15.0

30.3 ± 15.1

0.892

MDS-UPDRS Part IV

6.8 ± 4.0

7.7 ± 4.1

6.8 ± 3.3

7.0 ± 4.0

6.2 ± 4.0

0.155

EQ-5D-5 L Summary Index

0.689 ± 0.083

0.709 ± 0.108

0.683 ± 0.075

0.695 ± 0.081

0.684 ± 0.079

0.851

PDQ-39 Summary Index

33.1 ± 14.3

31.8 ± 15.7

33.7 ± 12.6

33.0 ± 19.1

33.4 ± 21.9

0.789

Antiparkinsonian medication

Levodopa treatment

160 (99.4)

27 (100.0)

5 (83.3)

74 (100.0)

54 (100.0)

NA

Dopamine agonist treatment

89 (55.3)

13 (48.1)

2 (33.3)

48 (64.9)

26 (48.1)

0.059

Monoamine oxidase B inhibitor treatment

33 (20.5)

4 (14.8)

2 (33.3)

20 (27.0)

7 (13.0)

0.054

NMDA receptor antagonist treatment

36 (22.3)

6 (22.2)

1 (16.7)

20 (27.0)

9 (16.7)

0.167

COMT inhibitor treatment

128 (79.5)

20 (74.0)

4 (66.7)

58 (78.4)

46 (85.2)

0.330

Anticholinergic treatment

5 (3.1)

0 (0.0)

1 (16.7)

2 (2.7)

2 (3.7)

0.453

Monotherapy

11 (6.8)

2 (7.4)

0 (0.0)

6 (8.1)

3 (5.6)

0.577

Number of different antiparkinsonian drug types

2.7 ± 0.9

2.4 ± 0.9

3.3 ± 0.8

2.8 ± 0.9

2.5 ± 0.9

0.057

Number of different antiparkinsonian drug types

0

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.350

1

11 (6.8)

2 (7.4)

0 (0.0)

6 (8.1)

3 (5.6)

2

61 (37.9)

16 (59.3)

1 (16.7)

28 (37.8)

16 (29.6)

3

60 (37.3)

5 (18.5)

2 (33.3)

27 (36.5)

26 (48.1)

4

20 (12.4)

3 (11,1)

3 (50.0)

8 (10.8)

6 (11.1)

5

9 (5.6)

1 (3.7)

0 (0.0)

5 (6.8)

3 (5.6)

Number of tablets (pieces/day)

7.6 ± 2.7

7.4 ± 2.4

12.3 ± 4.8

7.5 ± 2.3

7.2 ± 2.6

0.304

LED for drugs containing levodopa (mg)

873.3 ± 515.6

857.3 ± 377.0

1833.3 ± 1011.9

858.3 ± 361.1

823.5 ± 532.0

0.265

LED for dopamine agonists (mg)

293.8 ± 234.5

314.3 ± 242.0

235.0 ± 120.2

293.8 ± 215.2

282.9 ± 270.2

0.760

Levodopa equivalent daily dose (mg)

1254.6 ± 586.1

1212.9 ± 443.0

2249.3 ± 1161.4

1265.9 ± 438.6

1184.6 ± 603.7

0.172

  1. Data are mean ± standard deviation or count (%).
  2. aPatient subgroups are the followings: Subgroup 1 = patients living close to the center and having the desired in-person visit number; Subgroup 2 = patients living close to the center and having less in-person visits than desired; Subgroup 3 = patients living far from the center and having the desired in-person visit number; and Subgroup 4 = patients living far from the center and having less in-person visits than desired.
  3. bData of patient subgroups 3 and 4 were compared.
  4. cMDS-UPDRS Part III was assessed in medication ON state.
  5. COMT = Catechol-O-methyl transferase inhibitor; EQ-5D-5 L = EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level Health Questionnaire; LED = levodopa equivalent dose; MDS-UPDRS = Movement Disorder Society-sponsored Unified Parkinson’s Disease Rating Scale; MoCA = Montreal Cognitive Assessment; NA = not applicable; NMDA = N-methyl-D- aspartate; PDQ-39 = 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire.
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