Table 3 The primary outcomes at the first-year and five-year follow-up visits in patient groups 3 and 4.

From: Travel distance may have a negative impact on the outcome of deep brain stimulation in Parkinson’s disease

 

Preoperativea

p-value

First year follow-upa

p-value

Five-year follow-upb

p-value

Subgroup 3

Subgroup 4

Subgroup 3

Subgroup 4

Subgroup 3

Subgroup 4

PDQ-39 Summary Index

33.0 ± 19.1

33.4 ± 21.9

0.789

21.8 ± 13.2

25.3 ± 15.0

0.211

23.3 ± 18.5

32.2 ± 17.9

0.030

Change in PDQ-39 Summary Indexc

NA

NA

NA

−11.3 ± 16.0

−8.2 ± 18.8

0.217

−9.8 ± 18.7

−1.1 ± 19.8

0.049

PDQ-39 Mobility

37.2 ± 23.2

33.6 ± 25.7

0.446

23.8 ± 17.7

29.5 ± 22.5

0.449

27.9 ± 25.4

47.8 ± 29.6

0.041

Change in PDQ-39 Mobilityc

NA

NA

NA

−13.3 ± 20.2

−4.1 ± 24.3

0.075

−9.2 ± 24.0

14.1 ± 27.5

0.017

PDQ39 Activities of daily living

32.8 ± 18.0

30.4 ± 19.8

0.423

18.8 ± 12.5

20.5 ± 15.0

0.687

23.2 ± 20.6

32.7 ± 17.2

0.030

Change in PDQ39 Activities of daily livingc

NA

NA

NA

−13.8 ± 15.6

−10.0 ± 17.6

0.112

−9.7 ± 19.2

2.3 ± 18.4

0.047

PDQ-39 Emotional well-being

35.4 ± 22.5

37.7 ± 24.0

0.647

20.8 ± 16.6

25.4 ± 18.1

0.289

24.8 ± 22.2

29.9 ± 18.2

0.119

Change in PDQ-39 Emotional well-beingc

NA

NA

NA

−14.4 ± 19.4

−9.9 ± 20.4

0.344

−10.5 ± 22.4

−7.7 ± 21.8

0.630

PDQ-39 Stigma

39.0 ± 23.1

39.1 ± 27.4

0.791

15.5 ± 14.7

20.5 ± 20.1

0.289

17.8 ± 19.8

36.2 ± 20.8

0.001

Change in PDQ-39 Stigmac

NA

NA

NA

−23.3 ± 19.0

−18.5 ± 23.7

0.175

−21.0 ± 21.5

−3.0 ± 23.9

0.029

PDQ-39 Social support

23.5 ± 15.6

26.3 ± 16.8

0.654

22.3 ± 10.9

25.5 ± 11.4

0.389

16.2 ± 16.9

17.6 ± 11.4

0.258

Change in PDQ-39 Social supportc

NA

NA

NA

−1.2 ± 12.5

−0.8 ± 13.8

0.084

−7.4 ± 16.3

−8.6 ± 14.4

0.149

PDQ-39 Cognition

29.5 ± 16.5

29.6 ± 15.6

0.938

28.7 ± 11.2

28.7 ± 10.0

0.213

24.1 ± 14.1

24.5 ± 13.4

0.595

Change in PDQ-39 Cognitionc

NA

NA

NA

−0.8 ± 13.9

−1.0 ± 13.1

0.589

−5.5 ± 15.8

−5.1 ± 14.5

0.136

PDQ-39 Communication

31.2 ± 16.1

33.6 ± 22.1

0.395

22.8 ± 15.8

21.6 ± 14.6

0.969

24.6 ± 18.1

32.9 ± 17.8

0.081

Change in PDQ-39 Communicationc

NA

NA

NA

−9.4 ± 15.9

−11.9 ± 18.9

0.301

− 6.6 ± 17.3

−0.8 ± 16.2

< 0.001

PDQ-39 Bodily discomfort

39.3 ± 22.8

36.3 ± 25.3

0.421

22.0 ± 11.1

28.4 ± 11.9

0.098

23.8 ± 16.7

34.1 ± 18.5

0.036

Change in PDQ-39 Bodily discomfortc

NA

NA

NA

−17.2 ± 16.7

−7.8 ± 19.2

< 0.001

−15.4 ± 19.7

−2.2 ± 21.9

< 0.001

EQ-5D-5 L Summary Index

0.695 ± 0.081

0.684 ± 0.079

0.851

0.813 ± 0.112

0.755 ± 0.143

0.231

0.802 ± 0.122

0.705 ± 0.181

0.033

Change in EQ-5D-5 L Summary Indexc

NA

NA

NA

−0.118 ± 0.098

−0.071 ± 0.103

0.009

−0.107 ± 0.101

−0.022 ± 0.132

< 0.001

EQ-5D-5 L VAS

63.7 ± 15.5

61.8 ± 20.0

0.443

70.7 ± 13.4

67.6 ± 19.0

0.732

65.6 ± 17.8

57.8 ± 18.2

0.106

EQ-5D-5 L Mobility

No problems

2 (2.7)

3 (5.6)

0.376

15 (20.3)

4 (7.4)

0.203

6 (16.7)

1 (4.0)

0.009

Slight problems

19 (25.7)

18 (33.3)

25 (33.8)

22 (40.7)

15 (41.7)

6 (24.0)

Moderate problems

30 (40.5)

20 (37.0)

32 (43.2)

25 (46.3)

14 (38.8)

9 (36.0)

Severe problems

23 (31.1)

12 (22.2)

2 (2.7)

3 (5.6)

1 (2.8)

8 (32.0)

Unable to walk about

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.0)

EQ-5D-5 L Self-care

No problems

4 (5.4)

3 (5.6)

0.623

12 (16.2)

10 (18.6)

0.080

5 (13.9)

2 (8.0)

0.202

Slight problems

28 (37.8)

16 (29.6)

46 (62.2)

22 (40.7)

18 (50.0)

7 (28.0)

Moderate problems

32 (43.2)

28 (51.8)

14 (18.9)

20 (37.0)

10 (27.8)

13 (52.0)

Severe problems

10 (13.6)

6 (11.1)

2 (2.7)

2 (3.7)

3 (8.3)

4 (16.0)

Unable to wash or dress

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

EQ-5D-5 L

Usual activities

No problems

3 (4.1)

2 (3.7)

0.578

16 (21.6)

7 (13.0)

0.155

6 (16.7)

2 (8.0)

0.023

Slight problems

22 (29.7)

16 (29.6)

35 (47.3)

19 (35.1)

17 (47.2)

4 (16.0)

Moderate problems

41 (55.4)

25 (46.3)

20 (27.0)

24 (44.4)

12 (33.3)

14 (56.0)

Severe problems

8 (10.8)

10 (18.5)

3 (4.1)

3 (5.6)

1 (2.8)

4 (16.0)

Unable to do usual activities

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

EQ-5D-5 L Pain/

discomfort

No pain or discomfort

3 (4.1)

2 (3.7)

0.088

18 (24.3)

8 (14.8)

0.290

8 (22.2)

2 (8.0)

0.185

Slight pain or discomfort

15 (20.3)

13 (24.1)

30 (40.6)

18 (33.3)

13 (36.1)

6 (24.0)

Moderate pain or discomfort

49 (66.2)

29 (53.6)

20 (27.0)

21 (38.9)

12 (33.3)

10 (40.0)

Severe pain or discomfort

6 (8.1)

5 (9.3)

5 (6.8)

4 (7.4)

2 (11.1)

5 (20.0)

Extreme pain or discomfort

1 (1.3)

5 (9.3)

1 (1.3)

3 (5.6)

1 (2.7)

2 (8.0)

EQ-5D-5 L Anxiety/

depression

Not anxious or depressed

34 (45.9)

27 (50.0)

0.280

39 (52.7)

31 (57.4)

0.860

16 (44.4)

5 (20.0)

0.086

Slightly anxious or depressed

22 (29.7)

19 (35.2)

25 (33.8)

16 (29.6)

11 (30.6)

6 (24.0)

Moderately anxious or depressed

18 (24.4)

7 (12.9)

10 (13.5)

7 (13.0)

8 (22.2)

12 (48.0)

Severely anxious or depressed

0 (0.0)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

2 (8.0)

Extremely anxious or depressed

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

SE-ADL

100%

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0.574

6 (8.1)

2 (3.7)

0.536

2 (5.6)

1 (4.0)

0.021

90%

20 (27.0)

15 (27.7)

24 (32.4)

17 (31.5)

12 (33.3)

3 (12.0)

80%

27 (36.5)

14 (26.0)

23 (31.2)

13 (24.1)

8 (22.1)

3 (12.0)

70%

12 (16.1)

16 (29.5)

13 (17.6)

15 (27.7)

6 (16.7)

1 (4.0)

60%

8 (10.8)

6 (11.1)

7 (9.5)

7 (13.0)

6 (16.7)

4 (16.0)

50%

2 (2.7)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

6 (24.0)

40%

3 (4.1)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

3 (12.0)

30%

1 (1.4)

1 (1.9)

1 (1.4)

0 (0.0)

1 (2.8)

2 (8.0)

20%

1 (1.4)

1 (1.9)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.0)

10%

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

1 (4.0)

0%

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

0 (0.0)

  1. Data are mean ± standard deviation or count (%).
  2. Patient subgroups are the followings: Subgroup 3 = patients living far from the center and having the desired in-person visit number; while Subgroup 4 = patients living far from the center and having less in-person visits than desired.
  3. aBased on data of 74 patients in subgroup 3 and 54 subjects in subgroup 4.
  4. bBased on data of 36 patients in subgroup 3 and 25 subjects in subgroup 4.
  5. cChange from preoperative status to first-year and five-year status.
  6. EQ-5D-5 L = EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level Health Questionnaire; EQ-5D-5 L VAS = Visual Analogue Scale of the EuroQoL 5-dimension 5-level Health Questionnaire; PDQ-39 = 39-item Parkinson’s Disease Questionnaire, SE-ADL = Schwab and England Activities of Daily Living Scale.
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