Fig. 1
Effects of CS on cognitive (learning and memory), histology and ultrastructure of rats with fluorosis. (A) The escape latency during the place navigation test. Compared with the fluoride group, the escape latency of control group was observed a significant decrease on the third day’ place navigation test. (B) Distance spent in the target quadrant. (C) Time spent in the target quadrant. (D) Number of platform crossings. (E) Tracks of spatial probe test. (F) The pathological morphology of brain tissues was observed by HE staining. The representative images labeled as a1-c1, a2-c2, a3-c3, and a4-c4 correspond to the parietal cortex, CA2 region, CA3 region, and dentate gyrus, respectively. Bar = 50 μm. (G) Ultrastructural observation of the hippocampus. Light blue arrows: Endoplasmic reticulum. Red arrows: Golgi complex. Red box: chromatin condensation and margination. Yellow box: The endocytosis vesicles. Yellow arrows: The structure of synapse. Dark blue arrows: mitochondrion. Bar = 5 μm (top panel), Bar = 500 nm (bottom panel). Data are shown as the mean ± SEM; n = 6–7 for each group. *P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01 with the control group. #P < 0.05 with the Fluorie group.
