Table 2 Comparison of literature.
Reference | Resonant frequency (GHz) | Number of elements | Switched beam (degree) | Reduction type | Gain (dBi) | Total dimension | Design method | Complexity | Application |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2.45 | Array | 0/30/90 | - | 8 | 61.1 cm×33.56 cm | Switched parasitic array antennas with adaptive beam steering | Moderate | 5G/IoT networks | |
28 and 38 | Array | 0/10/350 | - | 12 and 13 | 22.6 cm×22.6 cm×16 cm | Octagonal prism structure with dual-band, dual-polarized MIMO antenna arrays | High | 5G base stations | |
3.5, 3.6, 5.2, 5.8 | Single | 135/315 ± 30 and 45/225 ± 30 | - | 2.22 @ 6 GHz, 3.93 @ 8 GHz, and 2.87 @ 10 GHz | 9 cm×9 cm×1.67 mm | Beam-switching mechanism using shorted circuits at specific edges of the SSRR | High | 5G systems | |
7.071, 9.006, 9.321, 9.906, 10.428, 10.718, 12.967, 13.057, and 14.469 | Single | 45/225 ± 5 and 135/315 ± 5 | - | 6.41 | 6 cm×6 cm×1.67 cm | Multiband switched beam antenna using SSRR | Moderate | 5G multiband communication | |
2.4 | Five | 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° | - | 5.17 | 30 mm×30 mm×5.5 cm | Combinational parasitic loading method (CPLM) | Low | Wireless networks | |
2.45 | Single | - | High-impedance surface | 8.5 | 14 cm×15 cm×0.16 cm | Integration of HIS around the patch antenna | Moderate | Wi-Fi performance | |
1.575 | Single | - | Slotted ground choke | 6 | 9 cm×9 cm×0.66 cm | Slotted ground choke | Low | GPS applications | |
5.8 | Array | - | DGS | N/A | 7 cm×6.42 × 0.17 cm | DGS with a dumbbell shape | Moderate | Wireless communication | |
9.1 | Array | - | DGS | 10.09 | N/A | DGS at the T-junctions of the feedline network | High | Satellites, missiles, aircraft | |
37.5 to 43.5 | Single | - | Dielectric lens (DL) | 9 | 2.38 cm×0.79 cm×0.06 cm | DL and corrugations | High | Compact 5G systems | |
1.575 | Single | - | Shorting pins | 6.4 | 4.04 cm×2.82 cm×0.16 cm | Shorting pins | Low | Mobile/Wi-Fi antennas | |
1.575 | Array | Five different azimuthal locations | Conductive sleeve | 6.4 | 52 cm×10 cm×0.3 cm | Asymmetrical positioning of microstrip antenna elements relative to the ground plane | Moderate | GNSS systems | |
The proposed antenna | 0.7 and 2.6 | Single | 45°, 135°, 225°, and 315° | Parasitic rings, Etching slots, shorted circuits | 5.39 and 8.35 | 14.3 cm×14.3 cm×1.74 cm | Parasitic rings, Etching slots, shorted circuits | Moderate | 5G networks in urban environments |
