Fig. 6 | Scientific Reports

Fig. 6

From: Formulation of a dynamic convective adjustment time-scale in the CESM1.2 and its influence on the Indian summer monsoon simulations

Fig. 6

Evaluation of large-scale thermal and dynamical characteristics and their influence on the ITCZ annual cycle. (a–b) mean annual cycle of the meridional tropospheric temperature gradient (MTTZ) and easterly shear in zonal wind (ESZW) from ERA5, DefCAM5, and DtauCAM5. MTTG is calculated as the difference in vertically averaged temperature (600−200 hPa) between land (5°N-35°N, 40°E-100°E) and ocean (5°N-15°S, 40°E-100°E). ESZW is calculated as the difference between 850 hPa and 200 hPa zonal wind over the Indian region (0°−15°N, 50°E-90°E). (c–e) Zonal-mean annual cycle of meridional total precipitation (averaged over 65°E-95°E), representing the intensity and seasonal migration of the ITCZ, from IMERG, DefCAM5, and DtauCAM5, respectively. (f–h) Differences in ITCZ annual cycle: (f) DefCAM5 and IMERG, (g) DtauCAM5 and IMERG, and (h) DtauCAM5 and DefCAM5. In panel (h) blue (red) hatching indicates statistically significant ITCZ bias reduction (increase) at the 95% confidence level based on a two-tailed Student’s t-test.

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