Fig. 1

Genomic location, structural characteristics, and mechanism of TRPM4-mediated sodium-induced cell death (NECSO). (A) Ideogram representation of human chromosome 19, highlighting the cytogenetic location of TRPM4 at q13.33. (B) Schematic of the TRPM4 gene structure showing its coding region across 28 exons, with the main transcript NM_017636.5 and genomic coordinates (49,157,741–49,211,836 bp). (C) Structural depiction of the TRPM4 α-subunit illustrating distinct domains color-coded, whose precise functions remain incompletely characterized. (D) Flowchart summarizing the mechanism of sodium-induced cell death (NECSO). Pathological stimuli increase intracellular Ca²⁺ levels, activating the TRPM4 channel and resulting in significant Na⁺ influx. The subsequent osmotic imbalance leads to cell swelling, rupture, and ultimately sodium-induced necrotic cell death.