Fig. 1

Comparison of 2D and 3D imaging modalities for the assessment of alveolar bone regeneration following secondary alveolar bone grafting. (A) Bergland classification, based on periapical radiographic assessment which grades alveolar bone height in relation to adjacent teeth from complete bone fill (Type I) to absence of bone bridge (Type IV). (B) Chelsea classification, based on periapical radiographic evaluation which quantifies bone fill based on the percentage of root coverage both vertically and horizontally. (C) 3D volumetric assessment, CBCT-based 3D analysis following segmentation of the cleft region, with alveolar cleft bone volume change visualized in a color-coded model. This approach allows for assessment in all planes providing improved anatomical accuracy and volumetric quantification compared to 2D imaging.