Table 3 Health problems and loneliness in 139 countries, 2023 and 2024. Binary logistic regressions.

From: The association between loneliness and pain, and the role of physical health and distress: an analysis in 139 countries

 

Dependent variable: Health problems (0–1)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Loneliness – yes

2.249*** (0.049)

1.925*** (0.033)

1.883*** (0.032)

1.881*** (0.031)

1.849*** (0.031)

Having friends or relatives count on – Yes

-

-

0.769*** (0.015)

-

0.790*** (0.016)

Satisfied with opportunities to meet people – Yes

-

-

-

0.773*** (0.014)

0.793*** (0.014)

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Personal characteristics

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

Pseudo R 2

0.051

0.152

0.153

0.153

0.154

  1.  * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Models show Odd Ratios (OR) from binary logistic regressions with standard errors clustered by country in parentheses. OR greater than 1 represent a positive relationship. OR smaller than 1 represent negative relationships. Mean health problems = 0.26. Personal characteristics: Sex, age, age squared, marital status, level of education, employment status, log of personal income, and number of children under 15 in the household. Models 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent different regression models to be read vertically. Full models can be found in Table S.5.
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