Table 4 Distress and loneliness in 139 countries, 2023 and 2024. Linear probability models.

From: The association between loneliness and pain, and the role of physical health and distress: an analysis in 139 countries

 

Dependent variable: Distress (0–1)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

Loneliness – Yes

0.275*** (0.005)

0.271*** (0.005)

0.264*** (0.005)

0.264*** (0.005)

0.258*** (0.005)

Having friends or relatives count on – Yes

-

-

−0.076*** (0.003)

-

−0.069*** (0.003)

Satisfied with opportunities to meet people – Yes

-

-

-

−0.073*** (0.002)

−0.066*** (0.002)

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Personal characteristics

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Constant

0.389*** (0.002)

0.304*** (0.008)

0.343*** (0.008)

0.346*** (0.008)

0.376*** (0.009)

N

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

Adj. R 2

0.182

0.202

0.209

0.209

0.215

  1.  * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Models show unstandardized OLS coefficients with standard errors clustered by country in parentheses. Mean distress = 0.31. Personal characteristics: Sex, age, age squared, marital status, level of education, employment status, log of personal income, and number of children under 15 in the household. Models 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 represent different regression models to be read vertically. Full models can be found in Table S.12.
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