Table 5 Physical pain and loneliness adjusting for health problems in 139 countries, 2023 and 2024. Binary logistic regressions.

From: The association between loneliness and pain, and the role of physical health and distress: an analysis in 139 countries

 

Dependent variable: Physical pain (0–1)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Loneliness – Yes

2.404*** (0.047)

2.037*** (0.035)

1.996*** (0.034)

1.958*** (0.033)

1.961*** (0.033)

1.931*** (0.033)

Health problems – Yes

-

4.049*** (0.109)

3.441*** (0.090)

3.415*** (0.089)

3.418*** (0.089)

3.398*** (0.089)

Having friends or relatives count on – Yes

-

-

-

0.782*** (0.011)

-

0.798*** (0.011)

Satisfied with opportunities to meet people – Yes

-

-

-

-

0.816*** (0.011)

0.836*** (0.012)

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Personal characteristics

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

Pseudo R2

0.063

0.124

0.135

0.136

0.136

0.137

  1.  * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Models show Odd Ratios (OR) from binary logistic regressions with standard errors clustered by country in parentheses. OR greater than 1 represent a positive relationship. OR smaller than 1 represent negative relationships. Mean physical pain = 0.35. Personal characteristics: Sex, age, age squared, marital status, level of education, employment status, log of personal income, and number of children under 15 in the household. Models 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent different regression models to be read vertically. Full models can be found in Table S.6.
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