Table 6 Physical pain and loneliness adjusting for distress problems in 139 countries, 2023 and 2024. Binary logistic regressions.

From: The association between loneliness and pain, and the role of physical health and distress: an analysis in 139 countries

 

Dependent variable: Physical pain (0–1)

(1)

(2)

(3)

(4)

(5)

(6)

Loneliness – Yes

2.404*** (0.047)

1.418*** (0.022)

1.296*** (0.017)

1.286*** (0.017)

1.288*** (0.016)

1.280*** (0.016)

Distress

-

8.503*** (0.289)

8.774*** (0.277)

8.633*** (0.273)

8.671*** (0.275)

8.554*** (0.272)

Having friends or relatives count on – Yes

-

-

-

0.868*** (0.012)

-

0.876*** (0.013)

Satisfied with opportunities to meet people – Yes

-

-

-

-

0.905*** (0.013)

0.917*** (0.013)

Country fixed effects

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

No

No

Yes

Yes

Yes

Yes

N

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

256,760

Pseudo R2

0.063

0.129

0.156

0.157

0.157

0.157

  1. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. Models show Odd Ratios (OR) from binary logistic regressions with standard errors clustered by country in parentheses. OR greater than 1 represent a positive relationship. OR smaller than 1 represent negative relationships. Mean physical pain = 0.35. Personal characteristics: Sex, age, age squared, marital status, level of education, employment status, log of personal income, and number of children under 15 in the household. Models 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6 represent different regression models to be read vertically. Full models can be found in Table S.7.
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