Fig. 5

Comparative CO1 sequence analysis of Vespa crabro across global populations. (A) SNP comparisons between Korean V. crabro haplotypes and those from Japan, Europe, and North America. The colors of the bars indicate SNPs from specific regions (blue = Korea; light pink: Europe A; dark pink = Europe B; medium pink = Europe A and B; green = Japan). KOR Korea; UK United Kingdom; HUN Hungary; EST Estonia; NOR Norway; BLR Belarus; DNK Denmark; GER Germany; FRA France; JPN Japan. (B) CO1 divergence pattern showing the evolutionary relationships of V. crabro across global regions. (C) CO1 sequence comparison showing a Canadian individual (CAN 1) matching Korean haplotype KOR I. (D) SNP profile comparison of North American individuals (US1–4, CAN2–4) with a United Kingdom (UK 1) sample. (E) CO1 haplotype network of global V. crabro populations. Red arrows highlight individuals from North American.