Table 1 Influential factors of urban built-up population density (BUD).

Human Capital

Literacy rate;

Education and income opportunities promote sustainable development at the local, regional, and national level social sustainability rely on employment opportunities for all and reducing income inequality of a society²⁰.

Main work;

Work participation

Housing services

Tap water supply;

Drainage and sewage networks are crucial for sustainability in terms of health issues, urban flood management, and waste management. While the availability of an electricity connection alone is an incomplete measure of energy access, affordability and clean energy accessibility are crucial parts of the SDGs²¹.

Sewerage system;

Indoor bath facility;

Drainage network

Household assets

Bicycle;

Although private cars do not support sustainable transportation systems²², however, they reflect the financial status in developing countries. Sustainable urban development and human health and well-being would require walking and cycling as the best mode of transportation²³.

Scooter/motorbike;

Private car;

Environmental capital

Per capita green;

The significance of environmental topologies such as green spaces, fresh water, surface imperviousness advocate sustainable urban development²⁴.

Groundwater level;

Impervious surfaces