Fig. 4

Comparative untargeted metabolomics and lipidomics analysis of plasma metabolites in short-term and long-term migrants. Untargeted metabolomics (A) and lipidomics (B) were performed to identify metabolic and lipidomic differences between short-term migrants and long-term migrants in PIM and NIM. Volcano plots illustrate the significantly altered metabolites in untargeted metabolomics (C) and lipidomics (D). The horizontal coordinates in the graph represent the fold change after logarithmic treatment, the closer the points to the sides, the larger the fold change; the vertical coordinates represent the adjusted P-value after logarithmic treatment, the higher the points the more significant. Downregulated metabolites are shown in blue, while upregulated metabolites are shown in red. Clustering heatmaps display distinct metabolic (E) and lipidomic (F) profiles between short-term migrants and long-term migrants. Heatmaps of untargeted metabolomics (G) and lipidomics (H) highlight group-specific differences (VIP > 2.5, P < 0.05). The color gradient reflects relative metabolite abundance, with red indicating high levels and blue indicating low levels. The horizontal axis represents sample groups, while the vertical axis lists the differentially abundant metabolites.