Fig. 8
Volumetric analysis and correlation of cardiac valves with urinary 5-HT. (a) 3D rendering examples of measured volumes for pulmonary and tricuspid valves in sham (blue) and B16F0-Tph1 (red) mice. (b) Quantitative comparison of valve volumes showing significantly increased volumes in B16F0-Tph1 mice (n = 7) compared to sham (n = 7) and B16F0 controls (n = 2) for both pulmonary and tricuspid valves. Data are presented as median ± IQR. (c) Linear regression analysis showing the relationship between urinary log(5-HT/creatinine) and valve volume (mm3) in tricuspid valve (left) and pulmonary valve (right). Blue dots represent sham animals and red dots represent B16F0-Tph1 animals. Solid lines indicate linear regression with 95% confidence intervals (dashed lines). Dotted vertical and horizontal lines represent threshold values calculated using stepwise regression, yielding high diagnostic performance (pulmonary valve: 86% sensitivity and specificity; tricuspid valve: 100% sensitivity and specificity) for detecting pathological valve thickening. Values are presented as median ± IQR. Scale bar: 0.5 mm. Statistical significance was determined using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s multiple comparisons test (***p < 0.001; ns, not significant).
