Table 1 Tobit model censored regression of each empathy factors.

	M1		M2		M3		M4
	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value	β	p-value
Intercept	2.987	< 0.001	3.274	< 0.001	3.176	< 0.001	3.941	< 0.001
Gender (Woman)	− 0.222	< 0.001	0.145	< 0.001	0.462	< 0.001	0.406	< 0.001
Age	0.006	0.002	0.005	0.005	0.002	0.331	− 0.017	< 0.001
Ethnic (Minangkabau)	− 0.166	0.002	− 0.165	0.002	− 0.014	0.836	− 0.149	0.008
Ethnic (Others)	0.019	0.609	− 0.001	0.985	0.141	0.004	− 0.017	0.679
Ethnic (Sundanese)	0.053	0.161	0.020	0.616	0.061	0.240	0.095	0.028
Region of residence (Kalimantan)	0.008	0.919	0.087	0.300	0.024	0.824	− 0.032	0.715
Region of residence (Others)	0.178	0.025	0.171	0.044	0.158	0.144	0.106	0.236
Region of residence (Papua)	0.182	0.177	0.441	0.002	0.651	< 0.001	0.145	0.340
Region of residence (Sulawesi)	0.195	0.003	0.139	0.049	0.301	< 0.001	− 0.027	0.179
Region of residence (Sumatera)	0.118	0.008	0.098	0.037	0.087	0.148	0.045	0.713
Religious beliefs (Christian)	− 0.335	< 0.001	− 0.172	< 0.001	− 0.364	< 0.001	0.036	0.490
Religious beliefs (Hinduism)	− 0.614	< 0.001	− 0.204	0.192	− 0.560	0.005	0.178	0.286
Religious beliefs (Buddhism)	− 0.785	< 0.001	− 0.142	0.452	− 0.230	0.336	− 0.309	0.119
Religious beliefs (Others)	− 0.855	< 0.001	− 0.861	< 0.001	− 0.7678	< 0.001	− 0.502	0.001
perceived social class	0.003	< 0.001	0.001	0.159	0.004	0.005	− 0.007	< 0.001

Significant values are in bold.
M1 = Helping behaviour, M2 = Situational EC, M3 = Directed EC, M4 = PD. The reference category for gender was men, ethnicity was Javanese, region of residence was Java, and religious belief was Muslim.

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