Fig. 1

Conceptual graphical representation of the steps involved in constructing a causal Directed Acyclic Graph (DAG). First, experts and structure learning algorithms propose models based on existing literature and field research. Next, experts impose certain hard restrictions—while remaining open to others—and revise their initial proposals based on the relationships identified by the algorithms. Finally, a quantitative comparison is performed, and consensus is reached, as there are no qualitative differences between semi-supervised automatic DAGs and refined DAGs; both lead to the same conclusions.