Fig. 3

Steps 2 and 3: Refined causal DAGs obtained through the methodology described in this chapter. Structures (a)–(d) were derived by the algorithms using the restrictions and forced connections from expert knowledge (Table 3). Structure (e) is the 2nd experts’ proposal. For ease of visualization, the connections that differ between the proposals have been highlighted in blue, except the one in red that represents a case not taken into account in the first expert proposal but that is included after inspection by the experts of the first round of automatic causal discovery (Fig. 2a–e).