Fig. 1

(A) Geographic distribution map illustrating the IUCN-defined ranges of four Pagellus species across the Euro-African marine ecosystem, overlaid with major ocean currents and bathymetric features. The collection locality of P. bellottii is indicated with a Ghana circular flag symbol, and the species photograph was taken by the second author (E.O.M.E.). The map was generated using ArcGIS v10.6. global-scale ocean current data were sourced from the NOAA National Weather Service and the U.S. Army (https://data.amerigeoss.org/dataset/major-ocean-currents-arrowpolys-100 m-76). Additionally, bathymetric layers derived from the CMIP6 Earth System Models were obtained from the Bio-ORACLE v3.0 database (https://bio-oracle.org/). (B) Circular representation of the complete mitochondrial genome of P. bellottii, showing gene arrangement through various colored arcs. This circular map was generated using the MitoFish MitoAnnotator web server and manually edited in Adobe Photoshop CS 8.0.