Fig. 1

(A) Map of Thailand showing regional divisions with the Southern Region highlighted. (B) The Land Use/Land Cover (LULC) map of Southern Thailand displays different land cover types, including forest, shrubland, arable land, mangrove forest, built-up areas, barren land, and water bodies. The LULC map provides the spatial distribution of these categories across Southern Thailand. LULC data were obtained from the ESA WorldCover 2021 dataset (https://esa-worldcover.org). The map was generated using the QGIS stable version (Long Term version for Windows (3.34Â L)). The software is available at https://www.qgis.org/download/.