Fig. 7

Seasonal and annual TCI trends across LULC classes in Southern Thailand. (A) Annual TCI, (B) Dry season TCI, and (C) Wet season TCI illustrate the percentage distribution of significant and insignificant trends across different LULC types. Forest lands show high levels of stability with minor increases, while arable and upland areas display more substantial increases in TCI, particularly during the wet season, indicating temperature-driven resilience.