Fig. 8

Percentage contribution of environmental predictors to the VHI, VCI, and TCI on an annual, dry, and wet seasonal basis in Southern Thailand. (A) VHI contributions highlight SM and SR as key influences, with positive and negative effects varying by season. (B) VCI contributions strongly influence SR and SM, particularly in the wet season. (C) TCI contributions show temperature (LST) as the dominant factor, especially in the wet season, reflecting temperature-driven vegetation stress. This analysis emphasizes the seasonal sensitivity of vegetation health to climatic variables.