Fig. 9

The spatial distribution of dominant climate factors impacts vegetation health Across seasons. The maps display the combined dominant impacts of Climatic predictors on vegetation health indices: VHI, VCI, and TCI for Annual (A), Dry (B), and Wet (C) seasons. The individual contributions of climatic factors SM, SR, VPD, PPT, and LST to vegetation health indices VHI, VCI, and TCI across annual, dry, and wet seasons are detailed in Supplementary Material Appendix A. Figures S1, S2, and S3 illustrate these seasonal impacts, revealing the detail and season-dependent influences of each predictor on vegetation health. The map was generated using the QGIS stable version (Long Term version for Windows (3.34Â L)). The software is available at https://www.qgis.org/download/.