Table 3 Correlates of smoked and smokeless tobacco use among study participants.

From: Prevalence and correlates of smoked and smokeless tobacco use in Saudi Arabia: evidence from the 2021 national health survey

Variable

Smoked tobacco

Smokeless tobacco

UOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

UOR

95% CI

AOR

95% CI

Gender

 Women

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Men

19.21***

(9.44–39.31)

14.8***

(7.03–31.5)

10.4***

(5.46–19.81)

8.00***

(3.53–18.1)

Age (years)

 15–24

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 25–34

4.72***

(2.74–8.13)

4.31***

(2.00–9.29)

3.32***

(1.75–6.32)

3.26***

(1.32–8.01)

 35–44

4.93***

(2.87–8.48)

4.11***

(1.84–9.14)

3.35***

(1.77–6.36)

2.83***

(1.10–7.23)

 45–54

3.57***

(1.95–6.53)

3.15***

(1.32–7.48)

1.80

(0.83–3.88)

1.47

(0.51–4.24)

 55–64

4.44***

(2.14–9.20)

3.67***

(1.33–10.1)

4.40***

(1.91–10.11)

3.71***

(1.16–11.7)

 ≥ 65

0.94

(0.25–3.43)

0.88

(0.17–4.62)

0.64

(0.11–3.74)

0.49

(0.05–4.47)

Marital status

 Unmarried

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Married

1.39***

(1.05–1.84)

0.50***

(0.32–1.19)

0.92

(0.65–1.30)

0.47***

(0.24–0.92)

Education level

 Primary school or below

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Intermediate school

0.86

(0.48–1.52)

0.54

(0.25–1.19)

0.89

(0.43–1.86)

0.68

(0.28–1.78)

 Secondary school

1.21

(0.79–1.86)

0.57

(0.34–0.97)

1.14

(0.66–1.98)

0.53

(0.24–1.14)

 Higher education

1.26

(0.83–1.93)

0.48***

(0.25–0.90)

1.16

(0.67–2.01)

0.40**

(0.17–0.90)

Work status

 Unemployed

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Employed

3.42***

(2.48–4.74)

1.23

(0.81–1.87)

2.63***

(1.87–3.71)

1.06

(0.63–1.78)

Nationality

 Non-Saudi

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Saudi

1.03

(0.79–1.33)

1.34

(0.92–1.98)

0.91

(0.65–1.29)

1.18

(0.71–1.95)

Monthly income (Saudi Riyal)

 ˂3000

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 3000 to < 6000

4.10***

(2.92–5.74)

1.96***

(1.21–3.18)

2.71***

(1.72–4.25)

1.66

(0.88–3.11)

 6000 to < 12,000

3.03***

(2.18–4.23)

1.43

(0.85–2.43)

2.79***

(1.82–4.26)

1.92*

(1.92–3.37)

 12,000 to < 20,000

5.05***

(3.52–7.24)

2.50***

(1.39–4.51)

4.20***

(2.67–6.60)

3.18***

(1.50–6.73)

 20,000 to < 30,000

1.94

(0.90–4.15)

0.89

(0.36–2.20)

2.77***

(1.19–6.40)

2.14

(0.87–4.90)

 ≥ 30,000

2.10

(0.73–6.03)

1.05

(0.45–2.47)

2.33

(0.66–8.23)

2.01

(0.73–6.21)

Region

 Riyadh

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

Reference

 

 Al-Baha

1.86*

(1.07–3.22)

1.91*

(1.01–3.61)

1.24

(0.57–2.70)

1.19

(0.44–3.21)

 Al-Jouf

0.99

(0.50–1.95)

1.45

(0.57–3.59)

1.44

(0.66–3.16)

2.14

(0.78–5.03)

 Aseer

0.50*

(0.27–0.93)

0.44***

(0.20–0.98)

0.78

(0.38–1.59)

0.76

(0.31–1.87)

 Eastern Province

1.32

(0.92–1.90)

1.18

(0.73–1.89)

1.10

(0.68–1.80)

0.97

(0.53–1.80)

 Hail

0.48

(0.21–1.09)

0.38*

(0.16–0.90)

1.45

(0.69–3.02)

1.50

(0.59–3.84)

 Jazan

0.44*

(0.22–0.88)

0.43*

(0.20–0.90)

0.24*

(0.07–0.82)

0.23*

(0.06–0.80)

 Madinah

0.74

(0.44–1.21)

0.68

(0.35–1.30)

0.89

(0.48–1.67)

0.85

(0.39–1.87)

 Makkah

1.12

(0.77–1.64)

1.10

(0.67–1.78)

1.21

(0.75–1.97)

1.27

(0.70–2.33)

 Najran

0.07

(0.14–0.39)

0.07***

(0.01–0.56)

0.31

(0.09–1.05)

0.36

(0.08–1.60)

 Northern Borders

0.74

(0.34–1.58)

0.90

(0.33–2.39)

0.22

(0.04–1.22)

0.29

(0.03–2.25)

 Qassim

1.27

(0.71–2.05)

1.23

(0.63–2.40)

0.99

(0.48–2.04)

0.98

(0.40–2.39)

 Tabuk

1.21

(0.71–2.05)

1.20

(0.59–2.42)

1.35

(0.70–2.62)

1.29

(0.56-3.00)

  1. UOR = unadjusted odds ratio, AOR = adjusted odds ratio, CI = confidence interval; ***p < 0.01, **p < 0.05, *p < 0.1.
Back to article page