Fig. 3

Partial dependence plots in the probability fraction mode, based on Erigeron spp. or Solidago spp. presence-absence classifications, for five field data variables: Functional Richness (FRich) and number of species (nbsp) for all plant species (.all) and for native species only (.nat), and successional gradient (Succession); different line colors denote different machine learning algorithms (GBM – black solid, SVM – red dashed, RF – blue solid).