Table 4 Descriptive statistics of key selected variables used in the modeling.

Environmental characteristics

Spring (1 if the crash occurred in Spring, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1269), 0 (n = 3896); Minor: 1(n = 1212), 0(n = 3630)]

Weekend (1 if the crash occurred on the weekend, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1317), 0 (n = 3848); Minor: 1(n = 1152), 0(n = 3690)]

Dark with no streetlights (1 if the crash occurred at locations with dark-no-streetlights, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 636), 0 (n = 4529); Minor: 1(n = 741), 0(n = 4101)]

Dark with streetlights (1 if the crash occurred at locations dark with streetlights, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2184), 0 (n = 2981); Minor: 1(n = 1653), 0(n = 3189)]

Rain (1 if the crash occurred in rainy weather conditions, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 378), 0 (n = 4787); Minor: 1(n = 330), 0(n = 4512)]

Crash Characteristics

Access control (1 if the roadway has partial access control, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 525), 0 (n = 4640); Minor: 1(n = 444), 0(n = 4398)]

Prior movement (1 if driver deviated from going straight, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 681), 0 (n = 4484); Minor: 1(n = 651), 0(n = 4191)]

Hit and run (1 if the crash involved hit-and-run, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1176), 0 (n = 3989); Minor: 1(n = 1293), 0(n = 3549)]

Right angle crash (1 if the crash involved right angle, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 366), 0 (n = 4799); Minor: 1(n = 366), 0(n = 4476)]

Single vehicle crash (1 if the crash involved a single vehicle, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 3828), 0 (n = 1338); Minor: 1(n = 3339), 0(n = 1503)]

Lane departure (1 if the crash involved lane departure of the vehicle, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 4800), 0 (n = 366); Minor: 1(n = 4491), 0(n = 351)]

Roadway Characteristics

Mixed business and residential (1 if the crash occurred in mixed business and residential areas, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2067), 0 (n = 3098); Minor: 1(n = 2211), 0(n = 2631)]

Residential (1 if the crash occurred in residential areas, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 291), 0 (n = 4874); Minor: 1(n = 867), 0(n = 3975)]

Two lanes undivided (1 if the crash occurred on two lanes undivided, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2391), 0 (n = 2847); Minor: 1(n = 2817), 0(n = 2025)]

No intersection (1 if the crash occurred at segment, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2859), 0 (n = 2307); Minor: 1(n = 2589), 0(n = 2253)]

Posted speed limit: 40–55 mph (1 if the crash occurred on roadways with a posted speed limit of 40–55 mph, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2040), 0 (n = 3125); Minor: 1(n = 1227), 0(n = 3615)]

No traffic control device (1 if no traffic control device in place, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 669), 0 (n = 4496); Minor: 1(n = 654), 0(n = 4188)]

Traffic signal light (1 if the crash occurred at locations with signalized control, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1110), 0 (n = 4055); Minor: 1(n = 801), 0(n = 4041)]

Pedestrian Condition and Characteristics

Pedestrians impaired with alcohol (1 if alcohol-impaired pedestrian involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 513), 0 (n = 4652); Minor: 1(n = 360), 0(n = 4482)]

Pedestrians aged 15 to 24 years old (1 if 15–24 years old pedestrians involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 912), 0 (n = 4253); Minor: 1(n = 840), 0(n = 4002)]

Pedestrians aged 25 to 40 years old (1 if 25–40 years old pedestrians involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1398), 0 (n = 3767); Minor: 1(n = 1482), 0(n = 3360)]

Pedestrians aged 41 to 64 years old (1 if 41–64 years old pedestrians involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1995), 0 (n = 3171); Minor: 1(n = 1647), 0(n = 3195)]

Pedestrians aged over 64 years old (1 if older pedestrians were involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 462), 0 (n = 4703); Minor: 1(n = 459), 0(n = 4383)]

Pedestrians wearing dark clothes (1 if pedestrians in dark clothing were involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2205), 0 (n = 2960); Minor: 1(n = 1953), 0(n = 2889)]

Inattentive or distracted pedestrian (1 if inattentive or distracted pedestrians involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1317), 0 (n = 3848); Minor: 1(n = 1101), 0(n = 3741)]

Pedestrian physical impairment (1 if pedestrian with physical impairment involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 30), 0 (n = 5135); Minor: 1(n = 39), 0(n = 4803)]

Male pedestrian (1 if male pedestrians were involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 3420), 0 (n = 1746); Minor: 1(n = 3123), 0(n = 1719)]

Black pedestrian (1 if pedestrians with black demographics involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2754), 0 (n = 2412); Minor: 1(n = 2361), 0(n = 2481)]

Caucasian pedestrian (1 if pedestrians with white demographics involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2172), 0 (n = 2993); Minor: 1(n = 2244), 0(n = 2598)]

Pedestrian Actions

Pedestrian crossing a midblock (1 if the crash occurred while pedestrian crossing at a midblock location, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1755), 0 (n = 3410); Minor: 1(n = 1251), 0(n = 3591)]

Pedestrian walking against the traffic (1 if the crash occurred while pedestrian walking against the traffic, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 162), 0 (n = 5003); Minor: 1(n = 189), 0(n = 4653)]

Pedestrian walking along the traffic (1 if the crash occurred while pedestrian walking along the traffic, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 396), 0 (n = 4769); Minor: 1(n = 471), 0(n = 4371)]

Driver’s Condition and Characteristics

Driver impaired with alcohol or drug (1 if alcohol or drug-impaired drivers involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 279), 0 (n = 4886); Minor: 1(n = 177), 0(n = 4665)]

Driver aged over 64 years old (1 if older drivers involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 531), 0 (n = 4634); Minor: 1(n = 495), 0(n = 4347)]

Driver aged 15 to 24 years old (1 if 15–24 years old drivers involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 678), 0 (n = 4487); Minor: 1(n = 648), 0(n = 4194)]

Inattentive or distracted driver (1 if inattentive or distracted drivers involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 759), 0 (n = 4406); Minor: 1(n = 819), 0(n = 4023)]

Driver with Black race (1 if drivers with black demographics involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2055), 0 (n = 3111); Minor: 1(n = 1695), 0(n = 3147)]

Passenger present (1 if the crash involved vehicle includes passenger, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 750), 0 (n = 4415); Minor: 1(n = 753), 0(n = 4089)]

Vehicle Type

Passenger car (1 if passenger car is involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 2241), 0 (n = 2925); Minor: 1(n = 2088), 0(n = 2754)]

Van or SUV (1 if Van or SUV involved in the crash, 0 if otherwise) [Principal: 1(n = 1323), 0 (n = 3842); Minor: 1(n = 1233), 0(n = 3609)]