Fig. 9

Immune infiltration analysis based on ssGSEA in the integrated GEO dataset. (a) Box plots comparing immune cell infiltration levels between osteoporosis and control groups. (b) Correlation heatmap showing pairwise relationships among immune cell infiltration scores. (c) Bubble plot illustrating correlations between hub gene expression and immune cell infiltration. Statistical significance: ns, p ≥ 0.05; p < 0.05 (*); p < 0.01 (**); p < 0.001 (***). Color scheme: orange = osteoporosis group; blue = control group. ssGSEA, single-sample gene set enrichment analysis.