Table 3 The AI validation, interobserver, and intraobserver repeatability results for the main metrics derived in the HTEN analysis (volume, length, max cross-sectional area (CSA), and surface area) for muscle rois across the whole muscle structure. Average difference, average coefficient of variation (%), correlation coefficient (R), DSC (reported for the full 3D structure only in the volume row), and Bland-Altman assessment for proportional bias are reported. Significance levels of the measures reported are denoted using: *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, †p < 0.001.

From: A deep learning algorithm for automatic 3D segmentation and quantification of hamstrings musculotendon injury from MRI

Metric

AI vs. Manual (HTEN: n = 56)

Interobserver (HTEN: n = 8)

Intraobserver (HTEN: n = 4)

Average Difference

Average CV (%)

R

DSC

Bland-Altman (t)

Average Difference

Average CV (%)

R

DSC

Bland-Altman (t)

Average Difference

Average CV (%)

R

DSC

Bland-Altman (t)

Semitendinosus (HTEN)

Volume (mL)

2.74 ± 4.54

0.72

1.0†

0.98

4.51†

0.57 ± 2.09

0.33

1.0†

0.98

0.72

−0.89 ± 1.19

0.19

1.0†

0.98

−1.3

Length (cm)

−0.15 ± 0.56

0.87

0.99†

N/A

−2.05*

0.0 ± 0.61

1.14

0.9**

N/A

0

−0.87 ± 0.22

1.95

0.99**

N/A

−7.0**

Max CSA (cm 2 )

0.07 ± 0.31

0.75

0.99†

N/A

1.82

−0.02 ± 0.13

0.36

1.0†

N/A

−0.49

0.08 ± 0.1

0.27

1.0**

N/A

1.34

Surface Area (cm 2 )

−3.69 ± 4.31

0.93

1.0†

N/A

−6.41†

1.42 ± 5.18

0.96

0.86**

N/A

0.73

1.46 ± 4.24

0.76

0.9

N/A

0.6

Semimembranosus (HTEN)

Volume (mL)

0.94 ± 4.57

0.65

1.0†

0.97

1.54

−2.26 ± 3.08

0.62

0.95†

0.98

−1.94

−1.98 ± 3.25

0.53

0.98*

0.98

−1.06

Length (cm)

−0.24 ± 0.44

0.84

0.97†

N/A

−4.13†

0.37 ± 0.41

0.92

0.92**

N/A

2.39*

−0.37 ± 0.41

0.91

0.98*

N/A

−1.57

Max CSA (cm 2 )

−0.02 ± 0.46

0.91

0.99†

N/A

−0.37

−0.28 ± 0.21

0.89

0.99†

N/A

−3.48*

0.08 ± 0.26

0.6

0.99**

N/A

0.55

Surface Area (cm 2 )

−19.04 ± 12.8

3.5

0.97†

N/A

−11.13†

−3.51 ± 5.47

0.94

0.91**

N/A

−1.7

1.57 ± 4.49

0.78

0.98*

N/A

0.6

Biceps Femoris: Long Head (HTEN)

Volume (mL)

−1.05 ± 8.63

0.92

0.99†

0.97

−0.91

1.41 ± 1.56

0.36

1.0†

0.98

−2.39*

1.03 ± 1.44

0.26

1.0†

0.98

1.23

Length (cm)

−0.17 ± 1.01

1.57

0.97†

N/A

−1.26

0.25 ± 0.25

0.61

0.95†

N/A

2.65*

−0.12 ± 0.22

0.32

0.99*

N/A

−1

Max CSA (cm 2 )

0.01 ± 0.28

0.65

1.0†

N/A

0.4

−0.15 ± 0.17

0.59

1.0†

N/A

−2.22

−0.02 ± 0.06

0.2

1.0†

N/A

−0.65

Surface Area (cm 2 )

−7 ± 8.45

1.83

0.99†

N/A

−6.20†

−4.81 ± 4.02

1.19

0.99†

N/A

−3.17*

2.81 ± 4.75

0.87

0.99*

N/A

1.02

Biceps Femoris: Short Head (HTEN)

Volume (mL)

1.46 ± 2.39

0.82

1.0†

0.97

4.56†

0.03 ± 1.33

0.34

1.0†

0.98

0.07

0.3 ± 1.88

0.6

1.0**

0.97

0.28

Length (cm)

−0.36 ± 0.9

1.67

0.92†

N/A

−2.96**

0.06 ± 0.81

1.76

0.58

N/A

0.21

0.13 ± 0.54

0.94

0.99*

N/A

0.4

Max CSA (cm 2 )

0.1 ± 0.17

0.83

1.0†

N/A

4.40†

−0.07 ± 0.17

0.56

1.0†

N/A

−1.01

0.11 ± 0.24

1.01

1.0**

N/A

0.81

Surface Area (cm 2 )

−0.35 ± 2.79

0.62

1.0†

N/A

−0.93

−1.5 ± 2.82

0.63

0.99†

N/A

−1.41

3.64 ± 4.27

1.3

0.99**

N/A

1.48

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