Fig. 5

Composition of fluids (Major Sampler – MS) and porewaters (PW) collected at the Karambusel vent field and Mussel Cliff compared with literature data of the East Pacific Rise (sediment-free mid-ocean ridge), the Okinawa Trough (sediment-rich continental backarc basin), the Guaymas Basin (sediment covered mid-ocean ridge), the Manus Basin (backarc basin) to the opposite site of New Ireland (MarHys database of Diehl & Bach²⁷ in version 4.0), and mud volcanoes (MV) of the Barbados accretionary complex^28,29. Karambusel EM – Fluid endmember interpolated from fluids collected by Major Samplers, BEM – Barbados endmember of Dia et al.²⁹. All elements are plotted versus Mg (mmol L^− 1). (A) Measured in situ fluid temperature (in °C) versus Mg (mmol L^− 1); Note that the temperature of the Mussel Cliff samples (155_GC) was reconstructed from in situ measurements by the heatflow probe at the same locality as the gravity corer, (B) Li (µmol L^− 1) versus Mg (mmol L^− 1), note the logarithmic scale of Li, (C) Cl versus Mg (both in mmol L^− 1), and (D) Ternary plot of K (divided by a factor of 30), B and Sr illustrating the different fields for a magmatic brine (blue), magmatic vapor after phase separation and contraction (yellow) and for fluids that interacted with sediments (brown) after Large et al.³⁰; Note the different trends in porewater from Mussel Cliff and the fluids from the Karambusel vent field.